Qualidade por Design Analítico (AQbD) aplicado no desenvolvimento e otimização de métodos cromatográficos / Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) applied in the development and optimization of chromatographic methods

O guia Q8(R2) do guia ICH descreve Qualidade por Design (QbD) como "uma abordagem sistemática para desenvolvimento farmacêutico que começa com objetivos predefinidos e enfatiza produto, entendimento e controle dos processos, baseado em dados científicos sólidos e gestão do risco da qualidade". Os métodos analíticos são considerados parte integrante do desenvolvimento farmacêutico. Assim, a Qualidade por Design Analítico (AQbD) é justificável e recomendada para obter flexibilidade regulatória, reduzir os resultados fora de especificação, obter um alto grau de robustez e um método analítico econômico. O Planejamento de Experimentos (DoE) é um conjunto de ferramentas estatísticas que inclui delineamentos de triagem e otimização, no qual os fatores são sistematicamente variados para determinar seus efeitos nas respostas, o que permite a determinação de quais fatores são os mais significantes, a identificação de qual configuração de fatores resulta em respostas otimizadas e a identificação de interações entre os fatores. As abordagens QbD e AQbD permitem a melhoria contínua ao longo do ciclo de vida do produto farmacêutico e do método analítico, inclusive para reduzir a variabilidade do produto, melhorar o desempenho do processo, reduzir resultados fora da especificação, melhorar o desempenho analítico, entre outros. O Cloridrato de Verapamil foi escolhido como molécula teste para desenvolvimento do projeto. Na primeira etapa do estudo foi realizado uma triagem com 13 fatores e 20 experimentos, utilizando o delineamento Plackett-Burman, seguiu-se para a próxima etapa com 7 fatores e 16 experimentos através do delineamento fatorial fracionado (Res.: IV). A etapa de otimização foi realizada com 3 fatores e 20 experimentos utilizando o delineamento central composto. Após todas as etapas do estudo, as seguintes condições foram consideradas ideais: Fase móvel A - Tampão formiato de amônio 10 mM pH 3,0, Fase móvel B - Amoníaco 2,0% em acetonitrila, eluição do tipo gradiente, coluna cromatográfica XSelect CSH C18 (100mm x 4,6mm x 3,5 µm), fluxo de 0,7 mL/min, volume de injeção de 2 µL para teor e 10 µL para produtos de degradação. Os métodos desenvolvidos são robustos, validados e indicativos de estabilidade

The ICH guide Q8 (R2) describes Quality by Design as "a systematic approach to pharmaceutical development that begins with predefined goals and emphasizes product, understanding and control of processes, based on solid scientific data and Quality Risk Management ". Analytical methods are considered an integral part of pharmaceutical development. Thus, the application of QbD approach to analytical method development is justifiable and a recommended strategy to attain regulatory flexibility, to reduce out-of-specification results, to achieve a high degree of robustness and a cost-effective analytical method. DoE is a set of statistical tools which include screening designs and optimization designs. In DoE approach, the controlled input factors are systematically varied to determine their effects on the output responses, which allows the determination of the most important input factors, the identification of input factors setting leading to optimized output responses, and the identification of interactions between input factors. The QbD and AQbD approach allows the continuous improvement throughout the lifecycle of pharmaceutical product and analytical method, including to reduce product variability, to improve process performance, to reduce out-of-specification results, to improve analytical performance, among others. Verapamil Hydrochloride was chosen as a test molecule for the development of the project. In the first phase of the study, a 13-factor and 20-experiment screening was performed using the Plackett-Burman design, followed by the 7-factor and 16-experiment next stage through fractional factorial design (Res .: IV). The optimization step was performed with 3 factors and 20 experiments using the composite central design. After performing all the study steps, the following conditions were considered ideal: Mobile Phase A - 10 mM ammonium formate buffer pH 3.0, Mobile Phase B - 2.0% ammonia in acetonitrile, gradient elution, column chromatographic XSelect CSH C18 (100mm x 4.6mm x 3.5µm), flow rate of 0.7ml / min, injection volume of 2µL for assay and 10µL for degradation products. The methods developed are robust, validated and stability indicating

Design of Experiments (DoE) applied to Pharmaceutical and Analytical Quality by Design (QbD)

According to Quality by Design (QbD) concept, quality should be built into product/method during pharmaceutical/analytical development. Usually, there are many input factors that may affect quality of product and methods. Recently, Design of Experiments (DoE) have been widely used to understand the effects of multidimensional and interactions of input factors on the output responses of pharmaceutical products and analytical methods. This paper provides theoretical and practical considerations for implementation of Design of Experiments (DoE) in pharmaceutical and/or analytical Quality by Design (QbD). This review illustrates the principles and applications of the most common screening designs, such as two-level full factorial, fractionate factorial, and Plackett-Burman designs; and optimization designs, such as three-level full factorial, central composite designs (CCD), and Box-Behnken designs. In addition, the main aspects related to multiple regression model adjustment were discussed, including the analysis of variance (ANOVA), regression significance, residuals analysis, determination coefficients (R2, R2-adj, and R2-pred), and lack-of-fit of regression model. Therefore, DoE was presented in detail since it is the main component of pharmaceutical and analytical QbD.